Abstract

The Mongols set out from their place in Karakorum to implement their global plan by establishing a Mongol empire for them. At the beginning of their campaign, they headed towards the neighboring cities and were able to subjugate China in 606 AH / 1210 AD, which was an indomitable force at that time. After that, they headed to the country beyond the river and were able to occupy it in 617 AH / 1221 AD, after which they headed to the country of Khorasan and conquered it in 617 AH / 1221 AD. The Mongols continued to implement their plan until they reached the capital of the caliphate, Baghdad, and succeeded in occupying it in 656 AH / 1258 CE, ending a rule that lasted for more than five centuries. The cities of the Euphrates and the Levant were among the areas that remained under their control, and no one could face this invasion except Al-Mamluks. Al- Mamluks succeeded in defeating the Mongols in the battle of Ain Jalut 658 AH / 1260 AD, and this was not a reason for their retreat, but they continued until they reached the city of Mosul and declared a siege on it in 659 AH / 1261 AD.