Abstract

The increasing level of environmental contamination has led to a surge in the need for long- lasting and efficient cleanup techniques. Utilizing living creatures to break down or eliminate pollutants is a promising approach known as bioremediation. Particularly successful approaches for dealing with complicated soil pollutants are in-situ or ex-situ bioremediation techniques like bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Whereas biostimulation concentrates on promoting native microbial activity, bioaugmentation adds exogenous microbial strains to improve pollutant breakdown. When compared to traditional techniques, optimizing these procedures can minimize environmental effect, lower costs, and increase cleanup efficiency. The concepts, applications, difficulties, chances for innovation, and suggestions for maximizing bioaugmentation and biostimulation in in situ and ex situ bioremediation methods for complicated soil pollutants are all examined in this review study.