Abstract

Dental caries is a significant oral health issue worldwide, especially among children. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in children aged 5 years and under in District Lodhran, Pakistan. Dental caries remains a problem affecting children’s health, well-being and health care costs, despite progress in care. A structured questionnaire evaluated demographic profiles, oral hygiene, diet, and other potential risk factors. Hypotheses suggest high carbohydrate intake, poor hygiene habits, saliva composition and microbial populations influence caries risk. Socioeconomic status also factors in, as those from lower strata have less access to preventive care and tools. The study aims to understand the current oral health status of Lodhran children and identify the extent and factors linked to dental caries. These include age, gender, socioeconomic status, residence, family type, parental occupation, oral hygiene, and diet. Assessing prevalence and risks is important for guiding prevention and early intervention strategies to reduce caries and improve oral health. This research addresses an evidence gap, as caries prevalence and risks have not been previously studied in Lodhran. Results will inform targeted policies, programs and education for health professionals, policymakers and the public. Specifically, increasing children’s access to care and information on dental importance to reduce high caries rates. Dental caries has multifactorial biological, behavioral and environmental causes. The goal is to propose interventions preventing caries at its source, primarily through promoting a healthy diet limiting sugars and proper dental hygiene routines as primary prevention.