Abstract

Food security is a critical issue in developing countries, like Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 8th in wheat, 10th in rice, and 11th in maize production, making it self-sufficient in major food crops. While, despite these rankings, Pakistan is placed 78th in the world in terms of food insecurity. Around 43% of the population, mostly women, still face food insecurity due to limited access to food, 15% of children under the age of 5 suffer from acute malnutrition, while 44% are stunted. This research aims to explain the reasons for the declining food security in Pakistan, based on two hypotheses. The first hypothesis suggests that political instability and economic factors have a detrimental effect on food production, thereby hindering access to food. The second hypothesis focuses on social aspects, considering that education and family structure influence income and, consequently, access to food. We collected data, random sampling techniques were employed, including questionnaires, interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. Secondary sources such as journals, books, and relevant departments were also used for data analysis. Statistical methods, including data tabulation (frequency, percent distributions), were employed to analyze the collected data. The research findings indicate that political instability in Pakistan has negative impacts on food production and access, leading to high levels of food insecurity and poverty. Education and family structure emerged as crucial factors affecting income and food access. Addressing poverty and improving access to education, particularly in rural areas, could help enhance income levels and food security among vulnerable populations.