Microplastics in Aquatic Environments: The Effects of Polystyrene on Red Tilapia and Potential Remediation Methods

Abstract

Microplastics have become a major source of pollution across the globe with impacts on marine and freshwater organisms. Among these polymers, polystyrene (PS) is one of the most common polymers that have been found in water bodies because it is commonly used in packaging and other products. The impacts of polystyrene microplastics on Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), a fish that has both economic and environmental value. Due to consumption and bio-uptake of PS microplastics in Red Tilapia, physical obstruction, compromised feeding rate, compromised nutrient assimilation, and exposure to toxic chemicals that elicit oxidative stress and endocrine dysfunction. These outcomes lead to growth retardation, reduced immune responses, changes in feeding habits, poor evasion of predators, and reproductive dysfunction. Remediation strategies that can be employed to reduce the effects of microplastics; include mechanical removal, filtration, microbial degradation and phytoremediation, nanotechnology, and electrochemical methods. Another significant aspect of the study is the role of policies and awareness in combating plastic pollution. Further studies and advancements are therefore needed to come up with improved solutions that would be friendly to aquatic life and the Red Tilapia as well.