An In-depth Review of Democracy and the Parliamentary System of Pakistan (2008–2018)

Abstract

This paper provides a thorough examination of Pakistan's democracy and parliamentary system over the crucial 2008–2018 period. The paper analyzes institutional developments, electoral processes, the role of political parties, and the enduring influence of the military and judiciary in forming democratic governance. It does this by drawing on empirical data, expert interviews, and theoretical frameworks by Almond, Powell, Lijphart, Dahl, and Hudson. The study emphasizes how dynastic politics, systematic corruption, and foreign forces made it difficult for civilian governments to establish legislative supremacy. It also looks into how federalism and parliamentary sovereignty are affected by constitutional Amendments, particularly the 18th Amendment.

According to the findings, democratic continuity was preserved, but because of a lack of institutional accountability, politicized accountability systems, and an undeveloped civic culture, democracy's quality remained precarious. Recommendations are made in the paper's conclusion to fortify democratic institutions, guarantee judicial independence, encourage intra-party democracy, and reduce the political influence of non-elected players. This thorough analysis adds to the body of knowledge on Pakistan's democratic development and offers useful perspectives for academics and decision-makers in the fields of comparative politics and Pakistan Studies.