Comparative Legal Protection for Women and Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Southeast Asia: A Normative and Policy Gap Analysis

Abstract

Sexual violence against women and children remains a systemic human rights issue in Southeast Asia. Despite ratification of international instruments such as CEDAW and CRC, many countries face persistent challenges in enforcement and victim support mechanisms. This study examines the legal frameworks in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand using a normative-comparative legal method. By analyzing statutory provisions, institutional arrangements, and implementation practices, the paper identifies legal gaps and best practices that can inform more comprehensive protections. Key findings suggest that while normative advancements have been made, especially with the recent Indonesian Law No. 12 of 2022, enforcement inconsistencies and socio-cultural impediments continue to hinder justice. The study proposes harmonized victim-centered approaches, cross-border cooperation, and capacity-building for law enforcement to strengthen regional legal safeguards.