External and Non-State Actors in Indo-Pak Relations: Strategic Influencers or Obstacles to Peace (1999–2019).

Abstract

This paper examines the intricate relationship between external actors and those outside the Pakistani government in shaping Indo-Pakistan relations, regardless of whether it is characterized by war or diplomacy or is constantly evolving in response to shifting global powers. Our research employs a qualitative, Quantitative, and document-based methodology to analyze the strategic actions of key powers, including the United States, China, and Russia, and to reflect the impact of international organizations such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. At the same time, it also examines the influence of non-state actors, such as militant groups, civil society projects, media, and cultural organizations, in both tension and in creating dialogue. The results demonstrate that, in collaboration with the equally outstanding effectiveness of certain actors supporting the peace-building processes at the diplomatic, economic, and cultural levels, aggravation of the conflict, relying on forms of violence, propaganda, and geopolitical manipulation, was also carried out by other actors. Ultimately, the study reveals the dualistic nature of these actors and argues that long-term, stable peace in the South Asian region is achievable through the realignment of both external and internal policies of engagement that are constructive and aimed at resolving conflicts in the long term.