Implications of Goat Rearing on Livelihood: A Gender Perspective

Abstract

The rearing of goats holds significant socio-economic importance in rural Punjab, Pakistan, particularly in supporting the livelihoods of marginalized households. This study explores the gendered dimensions of goat rearing and its implications for the economic empowerment and social well-being of rural communities. Goat rearing remains an essential practice in rural areas, playing a significant role in the rural social setting and culture, as well as providing a source of employment. It is a vital component of the agricultural economy in Punjab, offering substantial economic and nutritional benefits to rural families. However, the roles and contributions of men and women in this sector are often unequal, leading to a gender gap that affects the overall efficacy and benefits derived from goat rearing. Men and women still face unequal opportunities, limited access to productive resources, and an unequal share of family responsibilities. Livelihoods are not merely localized phenomena but are linked to broader national, regional, and global arenas through environmental, economic, political, and cultural processes. The main objective of the study was to explore how goat rearing contributed to household income, food security, and overall well-being, and how these contributions differed between men and women. The study was conducted in the rural areas of the pre-divided zones of Punjab—North (Chakwal), South (DG Khan), and Central (Faisalabad). Three major districts were selected purposively based on census reports, which indicated high involvement in goat farming. Two tehsils, two union councils, and four villages were selected purposively using secondary sources such as government reports and statistics on goat rearing. Lists of rural areas from the selected districts were provided by the district offices of Punjab, Pakistan. From each selected village, fifteen households (household heads and their spouses) engaged in goat rearing were selected through a convenient sampling technique. To check the gender perspective researcher, selected the equal proportion i.e. 360 male head of house and 360 their spouse. It is helpful to analyze the gender opinion regarding the problem under investigation. A well-designed, pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to analyze the data. The statistical analysis of the study highlighted critical factors influencing livelihoods among rural goat-rearing households. Goat rearing significantly boosts the financial well-being and social standing of farming households.