External Political Issues and Opposition Dynamics in Pakistan (1988–1990)

Abstract

This study examines the centre–province relations in Pakistan during 1988–1990, focusing on the political confrontation between the federal Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the IslamiJamhooriIttehad (IJI)–led provincial governments, particularly in Punjab and Balochistan. It highlights how institutional mechanisms like the Council of Common Interests (CCI) and the National Economic Council (NEC) were rendered ineffective due to political polarisation, executive interference, and mutual distrust. Key areas of conflict included fiscal allocations, provincial autonomy, control over state media, and development projects such as the Kalabagh Dam and Sui Gas royalties. The study also examines the role of coalition politics, caretaker governments, and the discretionary powers of the presidency under Article 58(2)(b), which facilitated the dismissal of elected governments. Findings suggest that political rivalry, weak institutional norms, and adversarial behaviour between the federal and provincial actors obstructed democratic consolidation. The article concludes that sustained centre–province disputes, compounded by elite-driven conflicts, significantly undermined parliamentary democracy and contributed to political instability in Pakistan.