Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Vulnerable Populations: An Analytical Review of Intervention Approaches and Outcomes

Abstract

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common form of anaemia worldwide, predominantly affecting women of reproductive age, infants, and children. It is highly prevalent in both rural and urban populations, particularly in tropical and developing regions. Iron deficiency accounts for approximately one-third of anaemia cases globally. When insufficient iron is available for haemoglobin synthesis, red blood cells become pale and small, resulting in hypochromic and microcytic anaemia. Despite the implementation of multiple intervention strategies, the prevalence of IDA remains high in many developing countries.This review analyses various intervention studies aimed at preventing and controlling iron deficiency anaemia among children and women. Electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2025. Studies evaluating supplementation, food fortification, dietary diversification, nutrition education, ferritin-guided strategies, and integrated approaches were included. Data were narratively synthesized based on intervention type, target population, sample size, duration, and outcomes.Findings indicate that iron supplementation and food fortification significantly improve haemoglobin levels, though effectiveness varies depending on adherence, baseline iron status, and contextual factors. Integrated approaches combining supplementation with education and infection control demonstrate greater sustainability. Continued efforts are required to enhance coverage, compliance, and long-term impact.