Multi-level governance and bottlenecking in education policy implementation: causes, implications, and strategies for improvement in Indonesia

Abstract

This article explores the challenges and opportunities of implementing multi-level governance in education policy in Indonesia. The study draws on a qualitative analysis of relevant literature and policy documents to identify the causes of bottlenecking in education policy implementation and its implications. The findings suggest that the need for more effective coordination among different levels of government and stakeholders, inadequate resources, and political interference are significant factors contributing to the bottlenecking. The implications of bottlenecking include limited access to quality education, uneven distribution of educational opportunities, and low student performance. The study proposes several strategies for improving multi-level governance, including strengthening coordination mechanisms, increasing funding allocation, and reducing political interference. The study adds to the body of knowledge on governance and policy execution by emphasizing the significance of multi-level governance in education policy and providing insights into its difficulties and opportunities in Indonesia.